Zinc- and Magnesium-Doped Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles Modified with Urea as Smart Nitrogen Fertilizers

Excess urea fertilizer application to the agricultural fields causes severe environmental deterioration. Researchers actively seek safer alternatives, such as nanoparticles with unique properties, reduce chemical inputs without compromising output. In present study, three variants─hydroxyapatite–urea, magnesium-doped hydroxyapatite–urea, and zinc-doped hydroxyapatite–urea nanohybrids─have been synthesized in a two-step method characterized slow-release nitrogen fertilizers. Doping Zn Mg reduces hydroxyapatite nanoparticles’ size accommodates higher amount of molecules. As per Hixson–Crowell model equation, molecules were slowly released from nanohybrids for up two weeks soil environment. With zinc magnesium integrated into hydroxyapatite, serve multinutrient complex nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, nutrients. We found that containing 50% doses maintained wheat crop yield nutrient uptake equivalent 100% doses, which helped mitigate ammonia emissions fields. The nanohybrid-supplemented enhanced dehydrogenase urease enzyme levels, suggesting no adverse impact on health. comprehensive experimental evidence synthesis production cutting off input by half repercussions. This study unlocks paradigms designing applying climate-friendly smart fertilizers sustainable agriculture.